Cardiology

What is Cardiology?

Cardiology is a medical specialty concerned with the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of cardiovascular diseases. This branch studies the functioning of the heart and circulatory system, managing conditions such as coronary artery disease, heart failure, hypertension, heart rhythm disorders (arrhythmias), heart valve diseases, and congenital heart diseases.

What is a cardiologist?

A cardiologist is a physician who uses various diagnostic methods such as electrocardiogram (ECG), echocardiography (ECHO), stress tests, Holter monitoring, cardiac MRI, and coronary angiography to make an accurate diagnosis based on patients' complaints and physical examination findings. Treatment approaches include medication, lifestyle changes, and minimally invasive procedures (e.g., stent placement and ablation).

What diseases does cardiology treat?

The cardiology department treats a wide range of diseases. In particular, coronary artery diseases, heart attacks, heart failure, heart rhythm disorders (arrhythmias), hypertension, heart valve diseases, congenital heart diseases, and vascular blockages are among the main diseases that cardiology focuses on. The diseases treated by cardiology are listed below:

Coronary artery diseases
Heart attack (myocardial infarction)
Heart failure
Heart rhythm disorders (arrhythmia)
Hypertension (high blood pressure)
Heart valve diseases
Congenital heart diseases
Blood vessel blockages
Peripheral vascular diseases
Aortic artery diseases
Inflammation of the heart muscle (myocarditis)
Childhood heart diseases
Heart conditions seen in athletes (within the scope of sports cardiology)

What are heart diseases?

Heart disease encompasses a variety of disorders affecting the structure and function of the heart. The most common include coronary artery disease, heart failure, heart valve disease, arrhythmias (irregular heartbeats), and congenital heart disease.Coronary artery disease is a condition in which the blood vessels supplying the heart narrow or become blocked, resulting in insufficient oxygen reaching the heart muscle, and is often associated with chest pain (angina) and heart attack.

Heart failure is a condition in which the heart cannot pump enough blood to the body; this often develops after high blood pressure, a heart attack, or heart valve disease. Heart valve disease is a condition in which the heart valves do not function properly, resulting in blood flowing back or being pumped inadequately. Arrhythmias are characterized by irregular heartbeats and can cause symptoms such as fainting and palpitations. Congenital heart diseases, on the other hand, are structural heart abnormalities that are present at birth. Treatment for these diseases may include medication, lifestyle changes, surgery, or the use of devices such as pacemakers, depending on the type and severity of the disease.

What Are the Symptoms of Cardiac Diseases?

The most common symptoms of cardiac diseases include chest pain or a sensation of pressure (angina), shortness of breath, heart palpitations, dizziness, fainting, fatigue, and swelling in the legs (edema) and ankles. These symptoms can signal conditions such as heart attack, heart failure, heart rhythm disorders (arrhythmia), and coronary artery disease. Chest pain, in particular, may radiate to the left arm, jaw, back, or stomach area and become more pronounced during physical activity. Additionally, experiencing shortness of breath, palpitations, dizziness, or a feeling of fainting upon waking at night are also among the symptoms of heart disease. If such symptoms occur, it is essential to consult a cardiology specialist without delay.

What methods are used in the diagnosis of cardiological diseases?

Diagnosis of cardiological diseases involves various medical tests and imaging methods, in addition to the patient's complaints and physical examination. These methods enable accurate identification of cardiological diseases and the development of treatment plans. The methods used in the diagnosis of cardiological diseases are listed below:

Electrocardiogram (ECG)
Echocardiography (ECHO)
Exercise Stress Test
Holter Monitor
Coronary Angiography
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Computed Tomography (CT)

What is an electrocardiogram (ECG)?

Electrocardiogram (ECG) is a painless test that measures and records the electrical activity of the heart. This test provides information about heart rhythm, rate, and electrical conduction pathways by recording the electrical signals of the heart muscle through electrodes placed on the skin. An electrocardiogram (ECG) diagnoses heart attacks, heart failure, arrhythmias, and other cardiovascular diseases. No electricity is sent through the body during the test, and the procedure typically takes only a few minutes. An ECG alone may not be sufficient; therefore, additional tests such as a stress ECG, Holter monitor, or echocardiography may be necessary. The ECG is a fundamental tool in assessing heart health and is widely used by cardiology specialists.

What is the Exercise Stress (Treadmill) Test?

An exercise stress test (treadmill test) is a cardiological test that evaluates the heart's response to physical activity. During this test, usually performed on a treadmill, heart rate, blood pressure, and ECG (electrocardiogram) are continuously monitored. The purpose of the test is to detect cardiovascular diseases, arrhythmias, and heart failure that appear normal at rest but become apparent with exercise. It plays a particularly important role in the diagnosis of coronary artery disease, hypertension, heart valve diseases, and heart rhythm disorders. Exercise stress tests are also used to assess treatment response and monitor the effectiveness of cardiac rehabilitation programs. During the test, the patient's physical capacity is determined, and exercise-related symptoms (e.g., shortness of breath, chest pain) are evaluated.

What is Pediatric Echocardiography?

Pediatric echocardiography is an imaging method that uses ultrasonic sound waves to assess the heart health of children. This non-invasive test allows for a detailed examination of the heart's structure, functions, and blood flow. Echocardiography plays a critical role in the early diagnosis of congenital heart diseases, such as ventricular septal defects (VSD) and atrial septal defects (ASD). It is also used to clarify diagnoses in symptomatic conditions such as heart murmurs. Echocardiography is a safe, painless, and radiation-free method for infants and children. This test helps detect heart diseases early, either before birth (fetal echocardiography) or during routine postnatal checkups.

What is TEE Test?

Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) is a detailed ultrasound examination used to diagnose heart disease, performed through a special probe inserted into the esophagus. This method is preferred, especially in cases where adequate images cannot be obtained with transthoracic echocardiography (TTE). Because the esophagus is located behind the heart, TEE allows for clearer and more detailed visualization of the heart and surrounding vessels. TEE is an endoscopic examination performed using a thin tube (probe) inserted through the mouth into the esophagus. Local anesthesia is administered to numb the throat during the procedure, and the patient is usually positioned on their left side. Parameters such as heart rate, blood pressure, and oxygen levels are monitored, and the obtained images are documented with video recording.

This method is used particularly in the evaluation of conditions such as atrial septal defect (ASD), mitral valve disease, endocarditis, aortic aneurysm, and heart tumors. It is also an important diagnostic tool for detecting structural abnormalities of the heart valves and blood clots. The procedure usually takes 30 minutes, and results are provided to the patient within 2 hours of completion. TEE is considered a safe and effective method that provides high sensitivity and accuracy in the diagnosis of heart disease.

What is a Holter monitor?

A Holter monitor is a portable electrocardiogram (ECG) device that allows for long-term, continuous monitoring of heart rhythm. Typically worn for 24 to 48 hours, it records the heartbeat during the patient's daily activities. This method is particularly useful in revealing transient heart problems, such as arrhythmias (rhythm disorders), that may not be detected by a standard ECG.

A Holter monitor records the electrical activity of the heart through electrodes attached to the body, and this data is analyzed by specialist doctors to help make a diagnosis. The use of this device is recommended for patients experiencing symptoms such as arrhythmia, fainting, palpitations, and dizziness.It can also be used to evaluate the effectiveness of treatment for heart disease. Holter testing is generally a painless and risk-free procedure. In some cases, mild irritation or discomfort may occur at the sites where the electrodes are placed. Patients are expected to continue their normal daily activities during the test, allowing for an assessment of heart rhythm in real-life conditions.

What is Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)?

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is a medical diagnostic method that uses strong magnetic fields and radio waves to image the internal structures of the body in detail. MRI is particularly preferred for examining the brain, spinal cord, joints, and soft tissues. This method does not use X-rays, therefore it does not involve ionizing radiation, making it a safe option. MRI machines align hydrogen atoms in the body using a magnetic field, then send radio waves to change the energy levels of these atoms. The signals emitted during the return of these energy levels are collected by a computer and converted into detailed images. In this way, differences between organs and tissues can be clearly seen.

MRI is widely used in the diagnosis and treatment monitoring of neurological diseases, cancer, heart disease, and musculoskeletal disorders. It plays a particularly important role in the evaluation of conditions such as brain tumors, stroke, Alzheimer's disease, and multiple sclerosis.

What is Computed Tomography (CT)?

Computed Tomography (CT) is a medical imaging method that uses a combination of X-rays and computer technology to obtain detailed cross-sectional images of the body's internal structures. Unlike traditional X-ray methods, this technology combines images taken from different angles to present internal structures such as organs, vessels, and bones in detail in three dimensions. CT scans play a crucial role in the diagnosis and monitoring of diseases, particularly in the lungs, heart, brain, abdomen, and pelvic regions. For example, CT is commonly used in the detection and monitoring of lung nodules, the evaluation of coronary artery disease, and the tracking of cancer spread. Furthermore, non-invasive methods such as CT angiography allow for the examination of vascular structures.

What is angiography?

Angiography is a medical imaging method used to examine the internal structure of blood vessels in detail. During this procedure, a contrast agent is injected into the vessel, and the vessels are visualized using X-rays. Angiography plays an important role in detecting vascular blockages, narrowings, or abnormalities. It is a frequently used method, especially in the diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases. Angiography is usually performed under local anesthesia and causes minimal discomfort to the patient. During the procedure, a catheter is inserted into a vein, usually in the groin or wrist. Contrast material is injected into the vein through the catheter, and the veins are visualized using X-rays. This allows for a detailed examination of the condition of the veins.

Angiography is an important tool in the diagnosis of vascular diseases. It is used to detect conditions such as vascular blockages, narrowings, or abnormalities. This allows for more effective treatment planning for patients. Angiography plays a significant role in the early diagnosis and treatment of vascular diseases. The angiography procedure is generally a safe method. However, like any medical procedure, it carries some risks. Before the procedure, your doctor will assess the risks specific to you and take the necessary precautions. After angiography, patients are usually rested for a short time and then discharged. There may be mild pain or bruising after the procedure, but this is usually temporary.

What is Photon Counter Computed Tomography?

Photon-counting computed tomography (CT) is an advanced medical imaging technology that provides more precise and detailed images compared to traditional X-ray-based imaging methods. This system uses photon-counting detectors to obtain high-resolution, three-dimensional cross-sectional images of organs and tissues in the body. These devices, which operate using quantum technology, play a significant role in the early diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and neurological disorders. Photon counter detectors count photons with higher sensitivity than traditional detectors, enabling the acquisition of clearer and more accurate images.

What is Interventional Cardiology?

Interventional cardiology is a branch of medicine that enables the treatment of cardiovascular diseases using minimally invasive methods without the need for surgery. Procedures performed in this field include balloon angioplasty and stent placement to open blockages in the coronary arteries, and modern techniques such as TAVI (transcatheter aortic valve replacement) and MitraClip (mitral valve insufficiency) used in heart valve diseases. In addition, procedures such as closing congenital heart defects (ASD, VSD, PDA), treating thickening of the heart muscle (hypertrophic cardiomyopathy), and correcting heart rhythm disorders with ablation methods also fall within the scope of this branch. Interventional cardiology offers patients advantages such as shorter recovery times, less pain, and shorter hospital stays. Especially for high-risk patients or those unsuitable for open heart surgery, these methods expand treatment options and improve quality of life.

What are the Cardiology Treatment Methods?

Cardiology treatment methods vary depending on the type and severity of cardiovascular disease and the patient's overall health condition. Treatment can generally be grouped under three main headings: medication, interventional procedures, and surgical interventions. Cardiology treatment methods are listed below:

Drug Treatment: Used for conditions such as hypertension, heart failure, and arrhythmia. Medications are used to regulate heart rate.
Interventional Cardiology: Aims to treat patients using minimally invasive methods.
Surgical Interventions: This is a necessary intervention for the treatment of more advanced heart diseases.

How is a cardiology examination performed?

A cardiology examination begins with taking the patient's medical history; this process involves thoroughly questioning the patient about current complaints, family history, and lifestyle. During the physical examination, the doctor listens to the heart sounds with a stethoscope and measures the pulse and blood pressure. An electrocardiogram (ECG) test records the electrical activity of the heart, helping to detect arrhythmias and damage to the heart muscle. Echocardiography (ECHO) uses ultrasonic sound waves to image the structure and function of the heart, evaluating valvular diseases, myocardial disorders, and vascular problems. Exercise stress tests measure the heart's performance during exercise, potentially revealing hidden heart conditions. Holter monitoring devices record continuous ECGs for 24 to 48 hours, detecting intermittent rhythm disturbances. These tests are critical for the early diagnosis of heart disease and the planning of appropriate treatment. The patient may need to be shirtless during the examination; therefore, comfortable clothing is recommended. All these procedures are customized according to the patient's age, symptoms, and risk factors.

What is the difference between Cardiovascular Surgery and Cardiology?

Cardiovascular surgery and cardiology are two distinct branches of medicine that deal with heart and vascular diseases. Cardiology focuses on treating heart and vascular diseases with medication and various procedures, while cardiovascular surgery addresses conditions requiring surgical intervention. Cardiologists use medications and other non-invasive methods for the diagnosis and treatment of heart diseases, while cardiovascular surgeons perform surgical procedures. Both specialties often work together to ensure patients receive the best possible treatment.

Cardiology deals with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Cardiologists working in this field evaluate the overall heart health of patients and resort to advanced examinations and treatment methods when necessary. Cardiology is one of the most important and rapidly developing fields of modern medicine.

Cardiovascular surgery is a branch of medicine that provides surgical treatment for heart and vascular diseases. Surgical treatment of congenital or acquired heart and vascular diseases is performed in this field.

What are the recommendations for heart health?

Conscious lifestyle changes are crucial for protecting heart health. Regular exercise is known to improve cardiovascular health. At least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity exercise per week is recommended. The Mediterranean diet, rich in fresh vegetables, fruits, whole grains, legumes, and healthy fats like olive oil, reduces the risk of heart disease. Fish rich in omega-3 fatty acids, such as salmon, tuna, and trout, support heart health. Foods like nuts (walnuts, almonds, hazelnuts) and avocados are known to protect heart health by increasing good cholesterol. Smoking increases the risk of cardiovascular disease; therefore, it is important to quit smoking. Salt intake should be limited to 5 grams per day, and alcohol and caffeine consumption should be controlled. Stress management and sufficient sleep also positively affect heart health. Furthermore, vaccinations against diseases such as influenza and pneumonia can reduce the risk of heart disease.

Frequently Asked Questions about Cardiology

Below is a list of frequently asked questions and answers about cardiology.

What is Cardiology?

Cardiology is a medical specialty concerned with the diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring of cardiovascular diseases.

What is EECP Treatment, and Who is it Risky For?

EECP (External Counterpulsation) therapy is a non-invasive treatment method that aims to increase blood flow by dilating the coronary arteries. It is risky for those with conditions such as severe aortic valve insufficiency, abdominal aneurysm, or blood clots in the leg arteries.

What is an echocardiogram (ECHO) in cardiology?

Echocardiogram (ECHO) is a painless ultrasound imaging method that uses sound waves to evaluate the structure and function of the heart.

What tests does cardiology order?

A cardiologist will order tests such as an ECG, echocardiogram, Holter monitor, stress test, blood tests, and coronary angiography if necessary.

Should I go to a cardiology appointment on an empty stomach?

It is generally not recommended to come to a cardiology examination on an empty stomach; however, some tests, such as echocardiograms, may require fasting for 4 hours.

How is an initial cardiology examination performed?

During the initial cardiology examination, the patient's medical history is taken, a physical examination is performed, and tests such as ECG and echocardiography are carried out if necessary.